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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
Published on: November 28, 2025
Disparities between male and female patients with thyroid cancers: sex difference or gender divide?
Andreas Machens1, Steffen Hauptmann, Henning Dralle
1Departments of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany. AndreasMachens@aol.com
Objective:
This investigation was undertaken to quantify histopathological disparities between male and female patients with sporadic and hereditary thyroid cancers, which may reflect a biological 'sex difference' or a behavioural 'gender divide'.
Design:
Retrospective cohort analysis (November 1994-January 2006).
Patients:
1298 Consecutive surgical patients with sporadic papillary (n = 587), sporadic follicular (n = 232), sporadic medullary (n = 320), and hereditary medullary thyroid cancers (n = 159) from a tertiary referral centre.
Measurements:
Age at diagnosis of cancer, primary tumour diameter, frequency of extrathyroidal extension, lymph node and distant metastases, and cancer subtypes.
Results:
Primary diameters of sporadic tumour entities (papillary, 26.0 vs. 19.3 mm; follicular, 54.9 vs. 35.1 mm; and medullary, 27.9 vs. 20.8 mm), but not hereditary medullary cancers, were significantly (P
Conclusions:
Our data emphasize the need for earlier diagnosis and intervention in male patients to ensure that male sex will cease sometime to constitute an ominous prognostic marker of advanced thyroid cancer.
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