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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

Published on: January 7, 2019

Three ways to forgive: a numerically aided phenomenological study.

Michael J A Wohl¹, Don Kuiken, Kimberly A Noels

¹Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. michael_wohl@carleton.ca

The British Journal of Social Psychology

|September 21, 2006

Summary

Understanding forgiveness is key in psychology. This study identifies three distinct ways people experience and enact forgiveness, offering a clearer psychological model.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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Published on: September 28, 2018

Area of Science:

Psychology
Social Psychology
Clinical Psychology

Background:

The psychological literature shows growing interest in forgiveness.
Definitional and operational clarity of forgiveness remains a challenge.
First-person experiential accounts can enhance forgiveness research.

Purpose of the Study:

To enrich definitional and psychometric efforts in forgiveness research.
To identify recurrent themes in first-person accounts of forgiveness.
To propose a tripartite model of forgiveness based on experiential data.

Main Methods:

Systematic examination of first-person experiential accounts of forgiveness.
Identification of recurrent themes within these accounts.
Clustering of accounts based on similarities in theme profiles.

Main Results:

Three distinct clusters of forgiveness experiences were identified.
Cluster I: Forgiveness through interpersonal confrontation.
Cluster II: Intra-personal evaluation of human fallibility and moral commitments.
Cluster III: Resuming relationships without ignoring or forgetting transgressions.

Conclusions:

The findings integrate recent forgiveness studies.
A tripartite model of forgiveness is proposed.
Experiential accounts offer valuable insights into the complexity of forgiveness.