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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy
09:49

Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy

Published on: December 28, 2021

Long-Term Experience with 5-alpha-Reductase Inhibitors.

E Darracott Vaughan

    Reviews in Urology
    |September 21, 2006
    PubMed
    Summary

    Finasteride effectively reduces prostate size and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). While symptom improvement is modest, it offers sustained benefits with minimal side effects, reducing BPH-related surgeries and urinary retention.

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Pharmacology
    • Andrology

    Background:

    • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men.
    • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) plays a key role in prostate growth.
    • 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are a therapeutic class for BPH.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of finasteride in managing BPH.
    • To assess finasteride's impact on prostate volume, symptoms, and PSA levels.
    • To analyze adverse effects and BPH-related complications associated with finasteride therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of randomized clinical trials on finasteride for BPH.
    • Analysis of data on prostate size, BPH symptom scores, urinary flow rates, and PSA levels.
    • Assessment of surgical intervention rates and acute urinary retention incidence.

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    A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

    Published on: March 6, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

    Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy
    09:49

    Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy

    Published on: December 28, 2021

    A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
    07:25

    A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

    Published on: March 6, 2018

    Main Results:

    • Finasteride significantly reduces prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.
    • Symptom improvement with finasteride is modest compared to invasive treatments.
    • Finasteride therapy is associated with sustained reductions and minimal adverse effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Finasteride offers a viable medical treatment option for BPH.
    • The drug leads to fewer BPH-related surgeries and decreased acute urinary retention.
    • Further research is needed to optimize medical therapy for BPH.