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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Predicting Molecular Geometry02:27

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

A guest-free germanium clathrate.

Arnold M Guloy1, Reiner Ramlau, Zhongjia Tang

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany. grin@cpfs.mpg.de

Nature
|September 22, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized guest-free germanium clathrates with empty clathrate-II structures. This breakthrough in germanium framework synthesis opens doors for advanced semiconductor materials and optoelectronic devices.

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Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films
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Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon
06:57

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon

Published on: July 17, 2020

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films
06:53

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Published on: October 14, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Synthesizing expanded semiconductor frameworks with cage-like structures presents ongoing challenges.
  • Germanium and silicon framework structures are of interest for thermoelectric, superconducting, and Kondo insulator applications.
  • Empty framework structures of silicon and germanium are predicted to have wide optical bandgaps, suitable for optoelectronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the high-yield synthesis of guest-free germanium clathrate with the empty clathrate-II structure.
  • To explore the potential of ionic liquids for synthesizing polar intermetallic phases.

Main Methods:

  • Oxidation of Zintl anions in ionic liquids under ambient conditions.
  • Characterization of the synthesized germanium clathrate-II structure.

Main Results:

  • Successful high-yield synthesis of germanium with the empty clathrate-II structure.
  • Demonstration of ionic liquids as effective media for reactions of polar intermetallic phases.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of guest-free germanium clathrate-II is now achievable.
  • This method offers a promising route for developing novel germanium-based materials for optoelectronics and other applications.