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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)
05:47

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

Cytokines and late-life depression.

Darren Craddock1, Alan Thomas

  • 1Bensham Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.

Essential Psychopharmacology
|September 23, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Elevated cytokines, proteins regulating immune responses, are linked to depression in adults and the elderly. These immune changes may explain depression

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cytokines are proteins involved in immune responses.
  • They can influence neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral functions.
  • Altered cytokine levels are observed in depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on the association between cytokines and depression.
  • To explore the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of depression.
  • To discuss the implications of cytokine levels in depression for vascular disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining cytokine levels in depressed individuals.
  • Analysis of associations between specific cytokines (e.g., IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IFN, TNF-alpha) and depression.

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  • Examination of evidence linking cytokines to neurochemical changes, HPA axis alterations, and vascular disease risk in depression.

    • Main Results:

    • Several cytokines, including IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, and IFN, are elevated in working-age adults with depression and dysthymia.
    • Similar elevations of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha are reported in late-life depression.
    • Cytokines are hypothesized to link depression, neurochemical changes, and HPA axis alterations.

    Conclusions:

    • Cytokine elevations are consistently associated with depression across different age groups.
    • Cytokines may play a crucial role in the biological mechanisms underlying depression.
    • Increased cytokine levels could contribute to the heightened risk of vascular disease in depressed individuals.