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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Modeling Highly Repetitive Low-level Blast Exposure in Mice
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The neurological consequences of explosives.

Michael F Finkel1

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Florida, 6101 Pine Ridge road Ext., Naples, FL 34119, USA. sewfin@comcast.net

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|September 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Explosive blasts cause neurological injuries through primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary effects. Physicians must understand these complex injury mechanisms to effectively treat patients affected by blast trauma.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Trauma Surgery
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Explosive blasts trigger a complex cascade of neurological injury mechanisms.
  • These injuries result from primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast effects.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effective medical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and explain the mechanisms of neurological injury from explosive blasts.
  • To outline the predictable and unpredictable aspects of blast-induced trauma.
  • To guide physicians in anticipating and managing these complex neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on blast injuries and neurological trauma.
  • Analysis of the chain of events following an explosion.

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Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

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  • Explanation of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast effects on the nervous system.

    • Main Results:

    • Primary blast effects are predictable, while subsequent effects (secondary, tertiary, quaternary) are more random.
    • Explosions cause a cascade of events leading to nervous system damage.
    • Physicians need to anticipate diverse injury patterns in blast-affected patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Neurological injuries from blasts are multifactorial and evolve over time.
    • A comprehensive understanding of blast dynamics is essential for diagnosis and treatment.
    • Anticipatory medical management is key for improving outcomes in blast-trauma patients.