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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Published on: April 23, 2011

Raising the curtains on interchromosomal interactions.

Christel Krueger¹, Cameron S Osborne

¹Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK. christel.krueger@bbsrc.ac.uk

Trends in Genetics : TIG

|September 26, 2006

Summary

Researchers discovered an unexpected interaction between specific gene locations on mouse chromosomes 7 and 11. This chromosome conformation capture finding is dependent on CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and allele-specific, impacting genome organization and gene expression.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Published on: April 23, 2011

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

Genomics
Epigenetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Chromosome conformation capture (3C) techniques reveal spatial organization of chromosomes.
Understanding genome organization is crucial for gene expression and imprinting.
Previous studies focused on intra-chromosomal interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate inter-chromosomal associations using an adapted chromosome conformation capture technique.
To identify novel interactions between loci on separate chromosomes.
To determine the role of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in these interactions.

Main Methods:

Adaptation of the chromosome conformation capture technique.
Analysis of mouse nuclei.
Allele-specific interaction studies.

Main Results:

Identified an unexpected co-association between the imprinted Igf2-H19 locus (chromosome 7) and the Wsb1-Nf1 locus (chromosome 11) in mouse nuclei.
Demonstrated that this inter-chromosomal interaction is CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-dependent.
Confirmed the interaction is strictly allele-specific.

Conclusions:

The genome exhibits complex spatial organization involving interactions between loci on different chromosomes.
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) plays a significant role in mediating these inter-chromosomal associations.
These findings enhance understanding of how genome organization influences gene expression and imprinting.