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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells
05:47

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Published on: August 19, 2014

Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance.

David Nemazee1

  • 1Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, Mail Drop IMM-29, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. nemazee@scripps.edu

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|September 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Lymphocyte antigen receptors are generated randomly, often leading to self-reactivity. Receptor editing provides a genetic correction mechanism to regulate these specificities, preventing autoreactivity in B and T cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lymphocyte antigen receptor specificity arises from quasi-random gene rearrangement.
  • This process frequently produces non-functional or autoreactive receptors.
  • Regulation involves eliminating unsuitable cells and actively correcting receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss receptor editing as a key mechanism for regulating lymphocyte antigen receptor specificity.
  • To highlight the role of ongoing recombination in genetic correction.
  • To explain receptor editing as an adaptation to prevent high receptor autoreactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lymphocyte receptor generation and regulation.
  • Analysis of genetic mechanisms involved in antigen receptor formation.
  • Discussion of B cell and T cell receptor gene specialization.

Main Results:

  • Receptor editing, driven by ongoing recombination, is a crucial mechanism for correcting antigen receptors.
  • This process actively modifies DNA to resolve autoreactivity.
  • Both B cells and T cells utilize receptor editing to regulate specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Receptor editing is an essential adaptation to mitigate the high probability of autoreactivity in lymphocytes.
  • Lymphocyte receptor genes are specialized for both generating diverse specificities and regulating them via editing.
  • Efficient receptor editing ensures functional and non-autoreactive lymphocyte populations.