Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

Nursing Evaluation

Nursing Evaluation

The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
Section...

Graded Potential

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be interpreted as...

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care evaluation by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Prenatal E-Cigarette Exposure Reprograms the Cardiac Proteome and Increases Ischemia Susceptibility in a Sex-Dependent Manner.

Biology of reproduction·2026

Same author

Blocking interaction of sclerostin loop3 with osteoblastic LRP4 counteracts bone loss without increasing arterial stiffness during mechanical unloading.

Journal of orthopaedic translation·2026

Same author

COVID vaccination and economic game decisions: The role of analytical thinking.

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2026

Same author

A CRISPR/Cas9-regulated dual-ring topological allosteric probe for detection of the EGFR L858R resistance mutation in CTCs.

Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications·2026

Same author

Human frontopolar cortex plays a causal role in decomposing high-dimensional information during decision making.

NeuroImage·2026

Same author

Charting brain morphology in international healthy and neurological populations.

Nature neuroscience·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Brain potentials associated with outcome expectation and outcome evaluation.

Rongjun Yu¹, Xiaolin Zhou

¹Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China.

|September 27, 2006

Summary

A novel study shows that a cue signaling potential monetary loss can trigger feedback-related negativity (FRN), a brain response usually linked to actual losses. This suggests the brain may anticipate negative outcomes, preparing for them in advance.

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

Published on: October 4, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

Published on: October 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Decision Making

Background:

Feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a brain signal linked to processing losses and errors.
Typically, FRN is studied when outcomes are contingent on participant actions.
The role of FRN in anticipating potential, rather than actual, negative outcomes is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if FRN can be elicited by a cue predicting a potential monetary loss.
To explore the brain's anticipatory response to uncertain negative feedback.

Main Methods:

Participants were presented with cues indicating either a potential win or loss.
A subsequent game determined if the potential outcome materialized.
Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brain activity, specifically looking for FRN.

Main Results:

A cue indicating potential monetary loss elicited a significant, albeit weak, feedback-related negativity-like effect compared to a win cue.
This suggests an anticipatory brain response to potential negative feedback.

Conclusions:

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a generator of FRN, may act as a pre-warning system.
This system alerts the brain to prepare for potential future negative events, even if uncertain.