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T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney

Published on: May 16, 2014

Double-negative regulatory T cells: non-conventional regulators.

Christopher W Thomson¹, Boris P-L Lee, Li Zhang

¹Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Immunologic Research

|September 28, 2006

Summary

Double-negative (DN) regulatory T (Treg) cells, a unique subset, inhibit immune responses by directly killing effector T cells. Understanding DN Treg cells offers insights into self-tolerance and potential therapies for various diseases.

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital for maintaining self-tolerance and suppressing immune responses.
Distinct Treg subsets exhibit unique phenotypes and functions in various disease contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics, development, and mechanisms of action of double-negative (DN) Treg cells.
To explore the role of DN Treg cells in transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, and anticancer immunity.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on DN Treg cell biology.
Analysis of DN Treg cell phenotypes, including expression of molecules like IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, Ly6A, FcRgamma, and CXCR5.
Examination of DN Treg cell-mediated immune suppression mechanisms, including antigen-specific killing of effector T cells via MHC-peptide complexes and Fas/Fas-ligand interactions.

Main Results:

DN Treg cells (alphabeta-TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8-) possess potent immune-inhibitory capabilities.
These cells can directly kill effector T cells in an antigen-specific manner.
DN Treg cells express unique molecules contributing to their regulatory functions.

Conclusions:

Understanding DN Treg cell development and function is crucial for elucidating the loss of self-tolerance.
DN Treg cells represent a promising therapeutic target for immune-related diseases and transplantation.