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Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Childhood encephalitis in Crete, Greece.

Anestis Ilias¹, Emmanouil Galanakis, Maria Raissaki

¹Department of Pediatrics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Journal of Child Neurology

|September 29, 2006

Summary

Pediatric encephalitis cases in Greece were caused by various viruses and bacteria. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proved valuable, and post-vaccine era encephalitis from measles, mumps, and rubella was eliminated.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Neuroradiology

Background:

Encephalitis in children poses significant diagnostic and management challenges.
Understanding the etiology and long-term outcomes of pediatric encephalitis is crucial for public health.
The impact of vaccination on the incidence of specific encephalitis types requires ongoing surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the causes and clinical characteristics of pediatric encephalitis cases.
To evaluate the diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric encephalitis.
To assess the long-term sequelae and outcomes of childhood encephalitis.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 18 hospitalized pediatric encephalitis cases over a 5-year period (2000-2004).
Identification of causative agents, including viral (echovirus, HSV-1, VZV, CMV, influenza A) and bacterial (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, GAS, Rickettsia typhi) pathogens.
Correlation of clinical presentation and long-term outcomes with MRI findings.

Main Results:

Viral infections accounted for eight cases, and bacterial infections for five cases.
Multiple hyperintense brain lesions on MRI correlated with severe clinical presentation but not long-term outcome.
Five children experienced mild to moderate sequelae, with no fatalities observed.

Conclusions:

Measles, mumps, and rubella-associated encephalitis have been eliminated in the post-vaccine era.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable diagnostic tool for pediatric encephalitis.
While no deaths occurred, persistent deficits were noted in some pediatric encephalitis patients.