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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Suprasellar and intrasellar paragangliomas.

S G Voulgaris¹, M Partheni, F Tzortzidis

¹University of Ioannina Medical School, Regional University Hospital of Ioannina, Department of Neurosurgery, Ioannina 45110, Greece. iliaspessach1980@yahoo.gr

Clinical Neuropathology

|September 30, 2006

Summary

Sellar region paragangliomas are rare tumors that mimic pituitary adenomas or meningiomas. Definitive diagnosis relies on immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to distinguish these sellar neoplasms.

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Sellar region neoplasms present a complex differential diagnosis.
Paragangliomas in the sellar region are unusual, despite the absence of paraganglionic cells in adjacent structures.

Observation:

Clinical presentation, imaging, and gross surgical appearance of sellar paragangliomas are indistinguishable from common sellar tumors like pituitary adenomas and meningiomas.
Distinguishing these entities requires advanced diagnostic techniques.

Findings:

Immunohistochemistry utilizing neuroendocrine markers and electron microscopy are definitive methods for diagnosing sellar paragangliomas.
These techniques are crucial for differentiating paragangliomas from other sellar masses.

Implications:

Accurate diagnosis of sellar paragangliomas is essential for appropriate clinical management and understanding tumor pathogenesis.
Highlighting the importance of immunohistochemistry improves diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes for rare sellar tumors.