Adolescent definitions of change in smoking behavior: an investigation

Although adolescent smoking cessation has received increased research attention, little information exists as to how adolescents define change efforts for smoking behaviors. This issue is of particular importance because surveys routinely incorporate items assessing smoking cessation, yet how adolescents interpret such items is unclear. The present study investigated definitions of smoking behavior change efforts among adolescents. A total of 94 adolescent smokers-of average age 16.7 years (SD = 1.0), 56% female, and 71% White-were asked to define the terms quit, stop, and cut down smoking. Responses to the three questions were categorized using content analysis. Definitions of quit and stop were categorized as (a) stop permanently, (b) stop temporarily, (c) stop except in certain situations, and (d) reduce smoking (for quit only). Definitions of cut down were categorized as (a) reduce the number of cigarettes, (b) smoke less in a time frame, (c) reduce smoking occasions, and (d) smoke less. Three trained raters sorted responses into each of the categories. Definitions of quit and stop were most frequently categorized in the stop permanently category (86% and 75%, respectively). Definitions of cut down were distributed across categories, with 51% categorized as smoke less, 25% smoking less in a time frame, and 25% reducing number of cigarettes. Different definitions of stop were related to smoking history and motivation to quit, although the other two terms were not related to adolescent individual characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of using clearly defined questionnaire items when assessing adolescent smoking change efforts.