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Related Concept Videos

Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an unpaired...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Ion-pair formation in electron recombination with H3+.

Asa Larson1, Johanna Roos, Ann E Orel

  • 1Department of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. aasa@theochem.kth.se

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Electron collisions with H3+ molecules can form ion pairs through a resonant process. This study models this reaction using quantum wave packets, revealing the importance of Rydberg states for understanding the cross-section.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Atomic and Molecular Collisions

Background:

  • Resonant ion-pair formation is a key process in molecular collisions.
  • Understanding electron-H3+ interactions is crucial for plasma chemistry and astrophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of resonant ion-pair formation in electron collisions with H3+.
  • To calculate potential energy surfaces and electronic couplings for this process.
  • To analyze the influence of Rydberg states on the reaction cross-section.

Main Methods:

  • Calculation of diabatic potential energy surfaces and electronic couplings.
  • Time-dependent quantum wave packet propagation on coupled potential energy surfaces.
  • Modeling the reaction in at least two dimensions.

Main Results:

  • The study successfully models the resonant ion-pair formation process.
  • The necessity of a multi-dimensional model (at least two dimensions) is established.
  • The significant impact of Rydberg states on the reaction cross-section is identified.

Conclusions:

  • The time-dependent wave packet approach provides a robust method for studying resonant ion-pair formation.
  • Accurate modeling requires detailed potential energy surfaces and electronic couplings.
  • Rydberg states play a critical role in determining the outcome of electron-H3+ collisions.