Novel concepts in hepatocellular carcinoma: from molecular research to clinical practice

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, burdened by a constantly increasing frequency. Therapy is currently restricted to invasive techniques but prognosis and survival are still unsatisfactory, mainly because of HCC recurrence and metastasis diffusion. This review will focus on the problem of tumor recurrence and/or metastasis, pointing out the role of the tissue microenvironment in affecting HCC behavior; new experimental findings will also be discussed in the light of their implications in medical care. Finally, new therapeutic approaches will be considered, paying particular attention to the tissue microenvironment as a potential target. In conclusion, this review will attempt to stimulate debate on translational research into HCC biology, in the field of clinical applications.