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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Transfusion of fresh vs. older red blood cells in the context of infection.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure
11:53

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Clinical trials in sepsis: an update.

J Sevransky1, C Natanson

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 22114, USA. sevransj@welch.jhu.edu

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|October 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Recent sepsis trials show limited benefits from anti-inflammatory agents and highlight risks of high-dose corticosteroids. Low-dose steroids may help, but nitric oxide inhibition is dangerous in septic shock.

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Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
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Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure
11:53

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
07:30

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Decades of clinical trials have explored various agents to modulate the host response in sepsis.
  • Understanding the efficacy and safety of these interventions is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To contextualize recent sepsis clinical trials within the landscape of research from the past three decades.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of agents targeting host proinflammatory mediators, corticosteroids, and nitric oxide production in sepsis.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of clinical sepsis trials conducted over the last year and preceding thirty years.
  • Focus on trials investigating agents to limit tumor necrosis factor, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins, corticosteroids, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Trials of agents targeting proinflammatory mediators demonstrated minimal benefits, consistent with previous findings.
  • Low-dose corticosteroids showed potential in reversing shock with non-significant survival trends.
  • High-dose corticosteroids administered early in sepsis exhibited detrimental effects.
  • High-dose inhibition of nitric oxide production proved lethal in septic shock.

Conclusions:

  • Agents targeting specific host proinflammatory mediators have consistently shown limited efficacy in sepsis treatment.
  • Low-dose corticosteroids warrant further investigation for their potential role in sepsis management.
  • High-dose corticosteroids and nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors are contraindicated in septic shock due to adverse effects.