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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
[Pathophysiology of heart failure]
1Médico adjunto, Cardiología Adultos 3 piso, INCICH, Tlalpan, DF México. Mendez_Arturo@yahoo.com
Insights
Current heart failure treatments targeting neuroendocrine activation offer mid-term benefits but eventually become less effective. This review explores alternative pathways and preventive strategies for advanced heart failure management.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pharmacology
- Pathophysiology
Context:
- Established heart failure therapies target neuroendocrine activation, providing initial benefits.
- Agents like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and spironolactone have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials.
- Despite these advances, heart failure often progresses to terminal stages, indicating limitations in current treatment paradigms.
Purpose:
- To review pathophysiologic pathways beyond neuroendocrine activation in heart failure.
- To explore potential preventive measures for heart failure.
- To inform the integration of novel strategies into standardized heart failure treatment.
Summary:
- Current heart failure treatments, while effective in the mid-term by counteracting neuroendocrine effects, face limitations as the disease progresses.
- This review examines alternative pathophysiologic mechanisms driving heart failure progression.
- It proposes the incorporation of new preventive strategies into existing treatment protocols.
Impact:
- Highlights the need for evolving heart failure treatment beyond current standards.
- Suggests novel therapeutic targets and preventive approaches for improved patient outcomes.
- Aims to reduce disease progression and mortality in advanced heart failure stages.
Abstract:
Treatment of heart failure has been successfully target biologically, to counteract deleterious effects resulting from neuroendocrine activation, with the use of several agents (e.g., angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, spironolactone), that provide benefical effects, demonstrated in multicentric trials in controlled populations. However, this mid-term benefit, becomes less effective with time, resulting in progression of the disease to terminal stages and death. The purpose of this paper is to review other pathophysiologic pathways and the potential application of preventive measures to be incorporated in the standardized treatment of heart failure.
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