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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency
14:45

Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency

Published on: August 6, 2014

Radiation induced dynamic mutations and transgenerational effects.

Ohtsura Niwa1

  • 1Kyoto University Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto, Japan. oniwa@house.rbc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Journal of Radiation Research
|October 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Radiation exposure can cause genomic instability, a phenomenon where DNA repair is reduced to tolerate damage. This study explores transgenerational genomic instability and its underlying mechanisms using mouse models.

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Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency
14:45

Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency

Published on: August 6, 2014

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
11:24

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation

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Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 23, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Radiation Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Genomic instability is a known consequence of radiation exposure in biological systems.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms driving radiation-induced genomic instability remain largely unknown.
  • Genomic instability may represent a cellular response to tolerate DNA damage by down-regulating repair fidelity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of transgenerational genomic instability.
  • To explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced genomic instability.
  • To utilize mouse data to elucidate the bases of this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mouse data collected in the laboratory.
  • Examination of mechanisms related to 'damage memory'.
  • Investigation of 'damage sensing, signal transduction and execution' pathways.

Main Results:

  • Delayed and untargeted mutations are key features of genomic instability.
  • These features suggest the involvement of 'damage memory' and complex signaling pathways.
  • Mouse data provides a basis for understanding transgenerational effects.

Conclusions:

  • Transgenerational genomic instability is a significant concern following radiation exposure.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of damage memory and signaling is crucial.
  • Further research using mouse models is essential to fully elucidate these processes.