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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Microvascular Perfusion Monitored by Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging during Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

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Herbal medicine and anesthesia.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

|October 5, 2006

Summary

Many patients use complementary and alternative medicine alongside standard care, but risks remain unknown. Understanding these interactions, especially perioperative effects, is crucial for patient safety and requires further research.

Area of Science:

Integrative Medicine
Perioperative Care
Pharmacology

Background:

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a rapidly expanding sector of healthcare globally.
A significant number of patients incorporate CAM therapies with conventional medical treatments.
Lack of patient disclosure regarding CAM use to healthcare providers is a common issue, estimated at 50%.

Discussion:

Perioperative interactions involving CAM are of critical concern.
Key interactions include sympathomimetic, sedative, and coagulopathic effects.
Limited understanding of herbal medicine implications in the perioperative setting poses risks.

Key Insights:

Patient unawareness and non-disclosure of CAM use complicate safe medical practice.

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Potential for adverse drug-herb interactions necessitates heightened clinical vigilance.

The perioperative period presents unique vulnerabilities to CAM-related complications.

Outlook:

Further investigation into CAM and perioperative implications is essential.
This field represents a promising area for federally funded research initiatives.
Enhanced communication and education are vital for mitigating risks associated with CAM use.