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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Craniofacial surgery for orbital malformations
D Richardson1, J K Thiruchelvam
1Department of Craniofacial Surgery, The Royal Liverpool Childrens NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK. davidrichardson@doctors.org.uk
Abstract:
Paediatric craniofacial surgery is a highly specialised field requiring a multidisciplinary team input. Orbital and ocular involvement is relatively common in craniofacial patients. This is more in syndromic patients. In nonsyndromic patients, orbital involvement is common in frontal plagiocephaly and trigonocephaly. The management of these conditions requires close working between the craniofacial surgeon and ophthalmologist. An outline of the management of these deformities is discussed.
