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Related Concept Videos

Equity Theory01:26

Equity Theory

Equity theory explains how our sense of fairness influences the dynamics of close relationships. Rooted in social psychology, the theory posits that individuals evaluate fairness by comparing the ratio of their contributions to the rewards they receive. Relationship satisfaction is highest when these ratios are perceived as balanced between partners, promoting mutual reciprocity and a sense of justice.Equity vs. Equality in RelationshipsEquity is distinct from equality. Fairness does not...
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence categorization, a person will feel...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Group differences in fairness perceptions and decision making in voting rights cases.

Angela P Cole1, Ewart A C Thomas

  • 1Department of Psychology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA. apcole@howard.edu

Law and Human Behavior
|October 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study found that participants supported voting rights for African Americans more than for farmers. Historically Black Universities (HBUs) showed the greatest support for both minority groups, challenging in-group bias theories.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Political Science
  • Legal Studies

Background:

  • Social identity theory and social justice research often predict in-group bias in decision-making.
  • Understanding how institutional context and group identity influence support for minority rights is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how institution type (Historically Black University vs. predominantly White institutions) and plaintiff's group definition (racial vs. non-racial minority) affect decisions in simulated voting rights cases.
  • To investigate the roles of perceived evidence strength and unfairness in mediating these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Participants from one HBU and two predominantly White institutions evaluated simulated voting rights case summaries.
  • The plaintiff was presented as either a racially-defined (African American) or nonracially-defined (farmers) minority group.
  • Decisions were analyzed in relation to institution type, plaintiff group, perceived evidence strength, and perceived unfairness.

Main Results:

  • Contrary to in-group bias predictions, greater support was shown for African American plaintiffs than for farmers across all institutions.
  • The HBU demonstrated the highest level of support for both minority groups.
  • Perceived evidence strength was a stronger predictor of decisions than perceived unfairness, and both variables mediated the effects of institution type and racial group definition.

Conclusions:

  • Institutional context, particularly attending an HBU, significantly enhances support for minority voting rights.
  • Evidence strength and perceived unfairness are key mediators in voting rights case decisions, overriding simple in-group favoritism.
  • Findings challenge traditional social identity models and highlight the importance of institutional environment in promoting social justice.