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Related Concept Videos

The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in visual...
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
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Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

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Related Experiment Videos

Student occupational exposure incidence: perception versus reality.

A Jeffrey Wood1, Nader A Nadershahi, Richard E Fredekind

  • 1Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. jwood@pacific.edu

Journal of Dental Education
|October 6, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Dental students underreport clinical injuries, especially in later years. Perceived injury risk increases, but fear decreases, with personal interpretations influencing reporting behaviors.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Dental Medicine
  • Occupational Health
  • Student Education

Background:

  • Clinical injuries are a significant risk for dental students.
  • Accurate reporting of these incidents is crucial for safety protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare official injury reports with student self-reports.
  • To investigate underreporting trends and factors influencing them among dental students.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative analysis of incident reports and survey data from dental students across multiple academic years.
  • Data collection occurred at various points during students' educational careers.

Main Results:

  • The majority of injuries involved needlesticks and hand instruments.
  • Underreporting was substantial, increasing from approximately one-third in the first clinical year to one-half in the final year.
  • Students perceived a higher likelihood of injury later in their education but reported decreased fear, with females reporting more needlesticks and greater fear.

Conclusions:

  • Significant underreporting of clinical injuries occurs among dental students.
  • Perceptions of injury risk and fear evolve throughout dental education.
  • Personal interpretation of clinical injury meaning likely impacts reporting behavior.