Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy
Published on: September 11, 2014
Abstract:
The stages of radial, spiral, and bilateral cleavage, including blastula, are considered as polyhedrons and projections of polyhedrons onto a plane: Wenn, Schlegel, and Euler projections. The blastula spatial organization is characterized by face numerals and Euler characteristics, as well by symmetry groups. The classes of equivalence of polyhedrons have been considered: duality and eqicomposition. The correspondence between different types of cleavage has been established by shift transformation on Schlegel projections and turn on a spherical noneuclidean surface. Determination of the prospective significance of blastomeres during cleavage was compared with the dichotomous division of the general notion in logic. This in view, the Wenn diagram of four figures has been reflected onto the sphere surface. Blastula faceting is interpreted as a reflection of hereditary information about the prospective significance of blastomeres onto a spherical surface. Topologically, the reflection represents a transformation of the linear orderliness of information contained in the genome into a two-dimensional orderliness of prospective properties on the blastula noneuclidean surface. Therefore, the elements of blastula symmetry can be considered as self in the sense of Pierre Curie principle.
Related Concept Videos
Cleavage and Blastulation
Determining the Plane of Cell Division
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...
Determining the Plane of Cell Division
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects
Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition
The Principle of Superposition answers the question. Yes, Coulomb's Law applies to each pair of charges, and the net force on each charge is the vector sum of the...
Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain
Mohr's circle visually represents the strain states under various conditions, which is essential for understanding material behavior. The center of Mohr's...

