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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated.
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
08:47

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults

Published on: February 2, 2020

A simple index to measure hygiene behaviours.

Amy L Webb1, Aryeh D Stein, Usha Ramakrishnan

  • 1Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

International Journal of Epidemiology
|October 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Spot checks offer a repeatable way to assess household hygiene, with higher scores predicting lower rates of childhood diarrhoea. Multiple observations are needed for accurate hygiene pattern estimation.

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A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
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A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
08:47

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults

Published on: February 2, 2020

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
09:02

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Spot checks are increasingly used to evaluate hygiene behaviors.
  • Limited data exists on the repeatability and predictability of spot check-based hygiene assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the within-household repeatability of hygiene indices derived from spot checks.
  • To assess the ability of these indices to predict diarrhea incidence in young children in Guatemala.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal observation of hygiene behaviors in 588 Guatemalan households over 36 months.
  • Creation of drinking water, food, personal, and domestic hygiene indices, plus a summary hygiene index (SHI).
  • Biweekly assessment of diarrhea morbidity in 694 children aged 0-36 months using recall; analysis via generalized estimating equations.

Main Results:

  • Hygiene indices showed low to moderate within-household repeatability (SHI: 0.35-0.51).
  • An average of six spot checks are needed to estimate a household's hygiene level within 20% accuracy.
  • Higher Summary Hygiene Index (SHI) and Personal Hygiene Index (PHI) scores were associated with reduced diarrhea morbidity (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Hygiene indices from spot checks are efficient for assessing hygiene and predicting childhood diarrhea.
  • Accurate estimation of household hygiene patterns requires multiple repeated measures.