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Updated: Jul 19, 2026
Utilizing a 3D Printed Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication Model to Shorten a Resident's Learning Curve
Published on: August 15, 2025
Laparoscopic fundoplication: a 10-year learning curve
D Zacharoulis1, C J O'Boyle, P C Sedman
1Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larisa, Larisa, Greece.
Background:
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) has become the most common surgical treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Controversies still exist regarding the operative technique and the durability of the procedure.
Methods:
A retrospective study of 808 patients undergoing 838 LNF for GERD at a tertiary referral center was undertaken. Demographic, perioperative, and follow-up data had been entered onto the unit database.
Results:
During a median follow-up period of 60 months (range, 2-120 months), heartburn decreased to 3% of the patients (19/645) and regurgitation to 2% (11/582) (p < 0.01). Respiratory symptoms improved in 69 (85%) of 81 patients (p < 0.01). The incidence of postoperative dysphagia was unaffected by the use of an intraesophageal bougie (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.64; p = 0.41) or division of the short gastric vessels (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.42-1.07; p = 0.72). In the immediate postoperative period, the incidence of abdominal symptoms increased by 10% (p < 0.01) and dysphagia by 16% (p < 0.01). After 10 postoperative years, only 3% (30/484) were found to have abdominal symptoms, whereas the incidence of dysphagia declined to zero.
Conclusion:
The findings show that LNF is a safe and effective procedure with long-term durability. Abdominal symptoms and dysphagia are the principal postoperative complaints, which improve with time. Personal preference should dictate the use of a bougie, division of the short gastric vessels, or both.
