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Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Masking and Demasking Agents

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Published on: May 26, 2019

Layered double hydroxides as potential chromate scavengers.

Srinivasa V Prasanna¹, R Anantha Padmanabha Rao, P Vishnu Kamath

¹Department of Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560001, India.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|October 10, 2006

Summary

Nickel-iron layered double hydroxides (LDHs) effectively remove chromate ions from water. The material

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are advanced materials with tunable structures.
Chromate (CrO4^2-) is a toxic pollutant commonly found in industrial wastewater.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in scavenging chromate ions from aqueous solutions.
To understand the mechanism and capacity of chromate uptake by Ni-Fe LDHs.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Ni-Fe LDHs with varying compositions (Ni(1-x)Fe(x)(OH)2(A(n-))(x/n)yH2O).
Batch experiments to evaluate chromate ion uptake capacity across a range of concentrations.
Analysis of uptake mechanism through comparison with control compounds and investigation of anion exchange.

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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

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Main Results:

Ni-Fe LDHs exhibit significant chromate scavenging capacity, with higher uptake at x = 0.25 (3.60 meq g^-1) compared to x = 0.33 (2.40 meq g^-1).
Chromate uptake occurs via stoichiometric anion-exchange within the LDH interlayer, outperforming control materials.
The interaction between LDH and chromate is weak due to symmetry mismatch, leading to turbostratic disorder.
Chromate ions can be fully recovered using a sodium carbonate solution.

Conclusions:

Ni-Fe LDHs are effective sorbents for chromate removal from water.
The interlayer anion-exchange mechanism is crucial for high chromate uptake.
The material shows potential for wastewater treatment and resource recovery of chromate.