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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Transcranial Pulse Stimulation for Alzheimer's Patients
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Posture recognition in Alzheimer's disease.

Maria Mozaz1, Maite Garaigordobil, Leslie J Gonzalez Rothi

  • 1Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100236, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA.

Brain and Cognition
|October 10, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The Postural Knowledge Test (PKT) shows promise for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) by effectively identifying ideomotor apraxia (IMA). This discrimination test is more sensitive than traditional performance evaluations for detecting apraxia in AD patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Apraxia, a deficit in purposeful skilled movement, often presents with spatial and temporal errors.
  • Ideomotor apraxia (IMA) is frequently associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), even in early stages.
  • Current evaluation of IMA using performance tests is often unreliable due to judge inexperience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Postural Knowledge Test (PKT) for diagnosing apraxia in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To determine if the PKT, a praxis discrimination test, is a viable alternative to traditional performance tests.

Main Methods:

  • 15 probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects and 18 age-matched controls performed transitive and intransitive gestures.
  • Subjects also discriminated between correct and incorrect transitive and intransitive postures using the PKT.
  • Stepwise discriminative analysis was employed to classify subjects based on test performance.

Main Results:

  • Control subjects outperformed AD subjects across all tests.
  • Transitive gestures proved more challenging than intransitive gestures for all participants.
  • The PKT-Transitive (PKT-T) subtest was the sole significant contributor to discriminating between AD and control groups, achieving 81.8% classification accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The PKT, specifically the transitive posture recognition task, is more sensitive for diagnosing apraxia in AD than traditional praxis performance tests.
  • This discrimination test offers a potentially valuable tool for screening and diagnosing Alzheimer's disease.
  • The relative difficulty of recognizing transitive postures in AD may stem from stronger representations of intransitive movements or differential brain region involvement.