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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
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Published on: June 10, 2025

Performance-enhancing drug use in young athletes.

Carla Laos1, Jordan D Metzl

  • 1University of Florida Pediatric Program, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Adolescent Medicine Clinics
|October 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Performance-enhancing drug use is a growing concern among adolescent athletes. This article discusses the risks and promotes safe, natural methods like practice and strength training for athletic improvement.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Adolescent Health
  • Substance Abuse

Background:

  • Performance-enhancing drug (PED) use is prevalent in adolescent athletics.
  • Understanding the contributing factors and consequences of PED use is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore PED use in adolescent athletes.
  • To discuss risks and benefits of PEDs.
  • To promote safe, natural performance enhancement strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current PEDs used by adolescents.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to PED use.
  • Examination of educational approaches for prevention.

Main Results:

  • Identified common PEDs and their adverse effects.

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Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
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An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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  • Highlighted psychological and social factors driving PED use.
  • Outlined strategies for educating young athletes on safe alternatives.
  • Conclusions:

    • Adolescent athletes face significant risks from PEDs.
    • Education on safe, natural training methods is vital.
    • Promoting healthy practices ensures long-term athletic development.