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Introduction to Membrane Proteins

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell types have...

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as G-protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) and...

Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins

Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins

Detergents are used to purify the integral proteins of the membrane. The hydrophobic portion of the detergent can replace membrane phospholipids while solubilizing the membrane proteins. When detergent monomers reach a specific concentration in a solution called critical micelle concentration (CMC), they form micelles. Above CMC, the concentration of the detergent monomers remains in equilibrium with the micelle. The number of detergent monomers present in the CMC varies for each detergent, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

Published on: April 20, 2015

Using ensemble classifier to identify membrane protein types.

H-B Shen¹, K-C Chou

¹Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

|October 13, 2006

Summary

A new ensemble classifier accurately predicts membrane protein types using sequence data. This computational method outperforms existing approaches, aiding in understanding protein function in molecular and cellular biology.

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Area of Science:

Molecular and Cellular Biology
Bioinformatics
Computational Biology

Background:

Accurate prediction of membrane protein type is crucial for understanding protein function.
The post-genomic era presents a demand for computational methods to classify proteins based on sequence.
Existing methods for membrane protein type prediction have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel computational method for fast and reliable prediction of membrane protein types from primary sequences.
To introduce and evaluate an "ensemble classifier" for this prediction task.

Main Methods:

Developed an ensemble classifier by combining multiple nearest neighbor (NN) classifiers.
Each NN classifier operates in a distinct pseudo amino acid composition space.
Protein type prediction is based on a voting system among the constituent classifiers.

Main Results:

The ensemble classifier demonstrated superior performance compared to existing methods.
Validation was performed using self-consistency, jackknife, and independent dataset tests.
The method proved effective in predicting membrane protein types based on primary sequences.

Conclusions:

The proposed ensemble classifier is a highly effective tool for predicting membrane protein types.
This approach offers significant improvements over traditional classification methods in bioinformatics.
The ensemble classifier concept holds potential for enhancing predictions of other protein attributes.