Related Concept Videos
01:43Incomplete Dominance
Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
02:40Pollination and Flower Structure
Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.
01:18Dihybrid Crosses
Overview
02:19Morphogenesis
Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
02:16Light Acquisition
In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
02:27Trihybrid Crosses
Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
You might also read
Related Articles
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Sort by
Same author
Letters to the editor or correspondence written opaquely by AI/LLMs: a rising plague in science, but on whose shoulders does the onus of proof lie?
Intensive care medicine·2026
Same author
Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Editorial: AI-assisted Letters to the Editor-Scope of a Growing Ethical and Practical Concern, and CORR's Approach to Managing It.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research·2026
Same author
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Writing and Editing, and the Rise of "Tortured Phrases" in Nursing Literature.
Nursing & health sciences·2026
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026
08:42
Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions
Published on: March 6, 2019
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora).
1Kagawa University, Horticulture Department, Miki-cho, Ikenobe, 761-0795, Kagawa-ken, Japan.
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 13, 2006
Summary
This study details reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods for chrysanthemum using thin cell layers (TCLs) and explants. Researchers optimized regeneration and transformation efficiencies, validated by GUS assays and molecular analyses.
Area of Science:
- Plant biotechnology
- Molecular biology
- Agricultural science
Background:
- Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora) is a commercially important ornamental plant.
- Efficient genetic transformation methods are crucial for crop improvement and research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols for chrysanthemum.
- To compare transformation efficiencies using thin cell layers (TCLs) and conventional explants.
- To investigate methods for enhancing regeneration and transformation yields.
Main Methods:
- Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum stem internode thin cell layers (TCLs) and conventional explants.
- Use of binary vectors containing beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter and nptII selection genes.
Main Results:
- Successful transformation of chrysanthemum using both TCLs and conventional explants.
- Quantification of transformation efficiencies at multiple validation stages.
- Demonstration of improved regeneration and transformation yields through sonication.
- Effective Agrobacterium elimination methods were noted.
Conclusions:
- Reproducible Agrobacterium transformation protocols for chrysanthemum have been developed.
- Thin cell layers (TCLs) offer advantages for regeneration and transformation.
- Sonication is an effective tool for enhancing chrysanthemum transformation and regeneration.