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Related Concept Videos

Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Related Experiment Videos

Hepatobiliary pathology.

Jay H Lefkowitch1

  • 1College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. jhl3@columbia.edu

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|October 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances in liver research include cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression in normal and cancerous livers, insights into mitochondrial DNA depletion diseases, and understanding bile salt transport in cholestasis syndromes.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and molecular biology.
  • Genomics and disease pathology.

Background:

  • Technological advancements have significantly impacted liver disease research.
  • Key areas of focus include gene expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholestasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize major advancements in liver disease research over the past year.
  • To highlight the application of cDNA microarrays in understanding liver function and disease.
  • To discuss the pathological implications of mitochondrial DNA depletion and transplantation-related liver issues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cDNA microarray hybridization for gene expression analysis in normal and cancerous liver tissues.
  • Examined cases of mitochondrial DNA depletion disorders, including Navajo neurohepatopathy and infantile respiratory chain disorders.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Reviewed pathological findings in liver biopsies post-transplantation, focusing on conditions mimicking other liver diseases.

    • Main Results:

    • cDNA microarrays identified 2418 unique gene transcripts in normal livers.
    • Enhanced gene expression related to anti-apoptosis and cell transformation was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma.
    • Mitochondrial DNA depletion was linked to cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, and mitochondrial hyperplasia in specific disorders.
    • Post-transplantation biopsies may present features resembling autoimmune hepatitis and acute hepatitis.

    Conclusions:

    • cDNA microarray technology provides valuable insights into liver gene expression and hepatocarcinogenesis.
    • Mitochondrial DNA depletion has distinct pathological consequences in different liver conditions.
    • Pathologists must be aware of transplant-related liver biopsy findings that can mimic primary liver diseases.