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Updated: Jul 19, 2026
In vivo Evaluation of Mucociliary Clearance in Mice
Published on: December 18, 2020
Real-timereflectance confocal microscopy, a noninvasive tool for in vivo quantitative evaluation of comedolysis in
K Nakano1, K Kiyokane, C Benvenuto-Andrade
1Wellman Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Background:
Near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive tool that provides real-time images of thin virtual horizontal tissue sections.
Aims/Methods:
We have used a rhino mouse model in combination with topical application of all-trans-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinol to investigate the usefulness of RCM as a noninvasive imaging tool to evaluate comedolysis in vivo and over time. Optical images were correlated with routine histology.
Results:
Our results demonstrate that RCM in vivo can visualize the process of transformation of utriculi (pseudocomedones) towards a normal-appearing follicular structure during retinoid treatment. The retinoic acid intervention group showed a dose-related response, while the vehicle-treated group did not show utricular changes.
Conclusions:
RCM represents a useful tool for in vivo morphological and quantitative evaluation of skin utriculi over time and could be used as an adjunct tool to histopathological techniques for comedolysis studies.
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