Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

Reservoir of Infection

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Diversity of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected people who inject drugs in India.

Virusdisease·2020

Same author

Report from the First EPIICAL (Early-treated Perinatally HIV-infected Individuals: Improving Children's Actual Life with Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies) General Assembly meeting, 9-11 November 2017, Rome, Italy.

Journal of virus eradication·2018

Same author

Introduction of spirometry into clinical practice in Georgetown, Guyana: quality and diagnostic outcomes.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2016

Same author

Drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of Clostridium difficile diarrhea in a teaching hospital.

The Canadian journal of infectious diseases = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses·2012

Same author

Cytotoxicity of Ni from Surface-Treated Porous Nitinol (PNT) on Osteoblast Cells.

Journal of materials engineering and performance·2011

Same author

The development of community health indicators: a district-wide approach.

Chronic diseases in Canada·2011

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Latent reservoirs for HIV-1.

J Blankson¹, D Persaud, R F Siliciano

¹Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|October 13, 2006

Summary

Combination therapy can suppress HIV-1 to undetectable levels. However, latent HIV-1 infection in CD4(+) T cells creates a persistent reservoir, hindering complete eradication efforts.

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication.
Despite viral suppression, cART does not eradicate HIV-1 infection due to persistent viral reservoirs.
Understanding viral persistence mechanisms is crucial for developing curative strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of latent infection in HIV-1 persistence.
To confirm the establishment of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
To assess the impact of latent reservoirs on combination therapy efficacy.

Main Methods:

Analysis of viral load in patients undergoing combination therapy.
In vivo studies to identify sites of HIV-1 latency.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Characterization of infected cells within the resting memory CD4(+) T cell population.

Main Results:

Combination therapy reduces HIV-1 viremia to undetectable levels.
HIV-1 establishes a latent infection state within resting memory CD4(+) T cells.
This latent reservoir persists despite effective combination therapy.

Conclusions:

Latent HIV-1 infection in CD4(+) T cells is a primary mechanism of viral persistence.
The established latent reservoir poses a significant challenge to HIV-1 eradication.
Novel therapeutic approaches targeting latent reservoirs are needed for an HIV-1 cure.