Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
Published on: January 5, 2018
[Postconditioning: a brief review]
Jochen D Schipke1, Faraz Kerendi, Emmeran Gams
1Forschungsgruppe Experimentelle Chirurgie, Zentrum Operative Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf. schipke@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
Abstract:
Preconditioning is the most effective form of cardioprotection that can be induced via different interventions before a longer-lasting ischemia (= index ischemia). Preconditioning can be induced by short bouts of ischemia, several pharmaceuticals (e.g., adenosine), and volatile anesthetics. A brief ischemia of an organ other than the heart can likewise initiate protection of the heart, which has been called preconditioning at a distance or remote preconditioning. According to the more recent literature, short bouts of ischemia after an index ischemia can also initiate cardioprotection, e.g., improve postischemic dysfunction or reduce infarct size, which has been called postconditioning. Such a postconditioning can also be elicited at a distant organ, termed remote postconditioning. It is the aim of this short review to characterize preconditioning and in particular postconditioning, describe possible mechanisms, and call attention to the clinical relevance.
Related Concept Videos
Principles of Classical Conditioning
During the...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Behaviorism
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...
Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Cognitive Learning
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

