Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Universal Enzyme-Based Field Workflow for Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Water Pathogens.

Microorganisms·2021
Same author

Annotated plastome of the temperate woody vine <i>Muehlenbeckia australis</i> (G.Forst.) Meisn. (Polygonaceae).

Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources·2021
Same author

Smartphone technology facilitates point-of-care nucleic acid diagnosis: a beginner's guide.

Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences·2020
Same author

A novel framework for the cell-free enzymatic production of glucaric acid.

Metabolic engineering·2019
Same author

Mixed-mode liquid chromatography for the rapid analysis of biocatalytic glucaric acid reaction pathways.

Analytica chimica acta·2019
Same author

A portable nucleic acid detection system using natural convection combined with a smartphone.

Biosensors & bioelectronics·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling
21:55

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling

Published on: April 2, 2012

Degenerate oligonucleotide gene shuffling.

Peter L Bergquist1, Moreland D Gibbs

  • 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 17, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel gene shuffling technique using degenerate primers to improve enzyme characteristics. The method reduces unwanted parental gene copies and enhances recombination control for better chimeric gene products.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzyme Engineering

Background:

  • Enzyme characteristics are improved using misincorporation mutagenesis and DNA shuffling.
  • Current DNA shuffling methods often yield a high proportion of unshuffled parental genes.
  • Shuffling can combine mutants of a single gene or related gene families to create chimeric products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved gene shuffling procedure that minimizes parental gene regeneration.
  • To gain better control over the recombination levels between shuffled genes.
  • To present a method that avoids endonuclease-based gene fragmentation.

Main Methods:

  • Gene shuffling using degenerate primers.
  • Controlled recombination of gene families (e.g., beta-xylanases).

More Related Videos

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions
13:06

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

Published on: December 15, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling
21:55

Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling

Published on: April 2, 2012

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions
13:06

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

Published on: December 15, 2012

  • Integration of random mutagenesis on selected gene segments.

    • Main Results:

    • Reduced predominance of unshuffled parental molecules in the mutant pool.
    • Controlled recombination levels between diverse genes, illustrated with beta-xylanases.
    • Demonstrated utility with genes of varying GC content.

    Conclusions:

    • The degenerate primer-based gene shuffling method offers enhanced control and efficiency.
    • This technique is advantageous for enzyme engineering and directed evolution.
    • The procedure is versatile and applicable to genes with diverse sequence compositions.