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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Crystal optics as guard apertures for coherent x-ray diffraction imaging.

Xianghui Xiao1, Martin D de Jonge, Yuncheng Zhong

  • 1Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. xhxiao@aps.anl.gov

Optics Letters
|October 17, 2006
PubMed
Summary

A novel crystal guard aperture enhances signal-to-noise ratio in coherent x-ray diffraction imaging by reducing parasitic scattering. This method preserves wave coherence for clearer images of nonperiodic objects.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering
07:55

An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering

Published on: July 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • X-ray optics
  • Diffraction imaging
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) struggles with low signal-to-noise ratios for nonperiodic objects.
  • Parasitic scattering from upstream optics creates significant background noise.
  • Existing methods for background reduction are often insufficient or compromise beam coherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel crystal guard aperture for CXDI.
  • To effectively eliminate parasitic scattering background.
  • To improve the signal-to-noise ratio in CXDI experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Design and implementation of a crystal guard aperture using multiple-bounce crystal optics.
  • Experimental validation of the aperture's performance.
  • Theoretical analysis of wave propagation through the crystal guard aperture.

Main Results:

  • The crystal guard aperture effectively suppresses parasitic scattering.
  • Coherence of the x-ray beam is preserved during propagation through the aperture.
  • Significant reduction in scattering background observed in CXDI experiments.
  • Improved signal-to-noise ratios demonstrated for nonperiodic object imaging.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal guard aperture is a highly effective solution for reducing scattering background in CXDI.
  • This method enhances image quality by improving the signal-to-noise ratio.
  • The technique offers a promising advancement for imaging delicate, nonperiodic samples with X-rays.