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The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Imaging Ca²⁺ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Published on: May 6, 2015

Postsynaptic calcium pathway contributes to synaptic plasticity between retinal cones and luminosity-type horizontal

Shi-Yong Huang¹, Jian-Feng Hu, Hai-Qing Gong

¹Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.

Sheng Li Xue Bao : [Acta Physiologica Sinica]

|October 17, 2006

Summary

Activity-dependent synaptic transmission in the retina is modulated by postsynaptic calcium signals. This study reveals that calcium-induced calcium release and Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors are key mechanisms underlying enhanced visual responses.

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Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

Published on: June 1, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Imaging Ca²⁺ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Published on: May 6, 2015

Preparation of Horizontal Slices of Adult Mouse Retina for Electrophysiological Studies

Preparation of Horizontal Slices of Adult Mouse Retina for Electrophysiological Studies

Published on: January 27, 2017

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

Published on: June 1, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual System Physiology

Background:

Synaptic transmission between retinal cone systems and luminosity-type horizontal cells (LHCs) exhibits activity-dependent properties.
Repetitive red-cone pathway activation enhances LHCs' hyperpolarizing response to red light, a reversible phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of red-flickering-induced response enhancement in LHCs.
To elucidate the roles of postsynaptic calcium signaling and specific receptor types in this plasticity.

Main Methods:

Intracellular recording techniques in retinal neurons.
Pharmacological manipulations, including Ca(2+) chelators (EGTA) and CP-AMPAR antagonists.
Application of ryanodine and caffeine to probe calcium release mechanisms.

Main Results:

Reduced intracellular Ca(2+) levels prevented response enhancement, highlighting the importance of postsynaptic calcium.
Blockade of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) abolished the enhancement, suggesting Ca(2+) influx involvement.
Ryanodine and caffeine administration attenuated the enhancement, indicating a role for intracellular calcium-induced calcium release (CICR).

Conclusions:

Postsynaptic CICR and CP-AMPARs are implicated in the activity-dependent response enhancement of LHCs.
These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of visual information processing and synaptic plasticity in the retina.