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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Spinal injuries in a level-one trauma centre: a demographic study.

S A Roohi1, A S Naicker, M H Shukur

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The Medical Journal of Malaysia
|October 18, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Spinal injuries in Malaysia are increasing, primarily due to motor vehicle accidents and falls. Most injuries affect young adults, with the thoraco-lumbar spine being the most common site, often resulting in neurological deficits.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Epidemiology
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Spinal injuries are a growing concern in Malaysia, linked to rapid development and increased traffic.
  • Effective preventive measures and improved management strategies are crucial for these devastating injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile local data on spine trauma in Malaysia.
  • To identify key areas for preventive interventions and management improvements.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 78 patients with spine trauma admitted in 1998 to Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
  • Data collected included demographics, injury cause, level, and neurological status using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale.

Main Results:

  • Most patients (61.5%) were under 34 years old, with a 4:1 male to female ratio.
  • Motor vehicle accidents (57.7%) and falls from height (28.3%) were the leading causes.
  • The thoraco-lumbar junction was the most common injury site (62.5%), frequently associated with neurological deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Demographic profiles are similar to international data but insufficient for comprehensive epidemiology.
  • A multicenter study is recommended to gather more extensive epidemiological data for Malaysia.