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Basic problems of medical ethics in Russia in a historical context
1Centre for the History of Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Summary
This paper reviews medical ethics issues in Russia and the Soviet Union, including confidentiality, informed consent, and organ transplantation. It highlights historical shifts and ideological impacts on patient rights and medical practices.
Area of Science:
- Medical Ethics
- Russian and Soviet History
Background:
- Explores the historical evolution of medical ethics in Russia and the Soviet Union.
- Examines the influence of Soviet ideology on patient rights and medical practices.
Observation:
- Medical confidentiality was devalued under Soviet ideology, prioritizing collective interests.
- Informed consent faced challenges due to strong paternalistic traditions in Russian medicine.
- Abortion laws fluctuated, legalized in 1920, banned in 1936, and re-legalized in 1955.
- Active euthanasia was briefly legalized in 1922.
- Human transplantation laws were established late, in 1992, adopting presumed consent.
- Abuse of psychiatry involved declaring political dissidents insane for involuntary treatment during the 1960s-1980s.
Findings:
- Soviet ideology and Russian medical traditions significantly impacted patient rights and ethical considerations.
- Historical context is crucial for understanding contemporary medical ethics in the region.
Implications:
- Understanding these historical ethical challenges provides context for current medical practice and patient advocacy in Russia.
- Highlights the ongoing tension between individual autonomy and state/medical paternalism in healthcare.
Keywords:
Bioethics and Professional Ethics
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