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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Drug-induced parkinsonism.

Maria A Mena¹, Justo G de Yébenes

¹Head of Neuropharmacology Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Servicio de Neurobiología, Ctra de Colmenar, Madrid 28034, Spain.

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

|October 19, 2006

Summary

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a growing concern, often reversible but sometimes persistent. Prevention and early monitoring are key to managing this condition, especially in vulnerable populations.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pharmacology
Geriatrics

Background:

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the second leading cause of akinetic rigid syndrome.
Its prevalence is rising due to population aging and polypharmacotherapy.
DIP can be caused by diverse medications beyond neuroleptics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the causes, characteristics, and management of drug-induced parkinsonism.
To highlight the potential for persistent parkinsonism after drug withdrawal.
To emphasize preventive strategies and monitoring protocols.

Main Methods:

Literature review of drug-induced parkinsonism.
Analysis of causative agents and clinical presentations.
Discussion of risk factors and management approaches.

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Published on: October 4, 2021

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: February 14, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: February 14, 2012

Main Results:

DIP is associated with a wide range of drugs, not just neuroleptics.
A significant percentage of DIP cases may persist despite drug discontinuation.
Atypical neuroleptics present a lower risk compared to first-generation antipsychotics.

Conclusions:

Prevention through judicious prescribing and early monitoring is crucial for DIP.
Elderly individuals, those on polypharmacy, and those with genetic risk factors require special attention.
Persistent DIP may indicate underlying neurotoxicity or unmasked presymptomatic parkinsonism.