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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Toroids01:28

Toroids

A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single  conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of  multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
When connected to a supply, the magnetic field generated in the toroid has field lines circular and concentric to its axis. Conventionally, the direction of this magnetic field is expressed using the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand curl in the current direction, the thumb points in the...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
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Social Traps

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Related Experiment Videos

Thinking globally and acting locally with TOR.

Andrew M Arsham1, Thomas P Neufeld

  • 1Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|October 19, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway coordinates cellular growth by integrating nutrient and growth factor signals. Recent discoveries reveal TOR

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a central regulator of fundamental cellular processes.
  • Understanding TOR's complex regulatory network has been a long-standing challenge in molecular biology.
  • TOR influences ribosome biogenesis, protein synthesis, autophagy, and cell cycle progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate mechanisms by which the TOR pathway controls cellular growth and homeostasis.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding TOR inputs, signaling complexes, and organismal functions.
  • To explore TOR's role in metabolic regulation, including glucose and fat homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and experimental findings on TOR signaling.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of identified TOR inputs such as amino acids, oxygen, ATP, and growth factors.
  • Examination of regulatory proteins including AMPK, Rheb, LKB1, p53, and Tsc1/2.

    • Main Results:

    • TOR integrates diverse signals including nutrients, energy status (ATP), and growth factors.
    • TOR functions within two distinct signaling complexes, one of which is sensitive to rapamycin.
    • TOR influences feeding behavior and is implicated in glucose and fat metabolism, potentially impacting diabetes and obesity.

    Conclusions:

    • The TOR pathway acts as a critical coordinator of cellular and organismal growth.
    • Recent discoveries are beginning to unravel the complexity of TOR signaling and its dual-complex nature.
    • TOR's role extends to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting its significance in health and disease.