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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...

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Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS
07:33

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Published on: December 21, 2011

Calcium microdomains and oxidative stress.

Sean M Davidson1, Michael R Duchen

  • 1The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, Department of Medicine, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK. s.davidson@ucl.ac.uk

Cell Calcium
|October 20, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress influences calcium microdomains, crucial for cell signaling. Studies show increased calcium sparks in heart cells under oxidative stress, highlighting a redox-calcium interplay.

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05:56

Imaging Initial Ca2+ Microdomains in Primary T Cells

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Subcellular physiology
  • Cell signaling
  • Redox biology

Background:

  • Calcium microdomains are localized, transient calcium increases vital for cellular functions.
  • These include calcium sparks in myocytes and domains within organelles.
  • Emerging evidence links oxidative stress to the regulation of these microdomains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulation of calcium microdomains by redox state.
  • To demonstrate the impact of oxidative stress on calcium spark frequency in cardiomyocytes.
  • To explore analogous microdomains of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on redox regulation of calcium channels and transporters.
  • Experimental demonstration of increased calcium spark frequency in cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress.
  • Conceptual discussion on imaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species microdomains.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress modulates calcium release channels and transporters.
  • Calcium sparks in cardiomyocytes significantly increase in frequency under oxidative stress.
  • Analogous microdomains of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Redox state dynamically regulates calcium microdomains.
  • Oxidative stress enhances calcium spark frequency, impacting cardiac function.
  • Further imaging advancements may reveal reactive species microdomains, expanding spatial signaling concepts.