Diagnostic difficulties in the management of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula

To evaluate the diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls in establishing the diagnosis of congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula.

A retrospective review of all cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula that were diagnosed in a single unit over a 6-year period. The variables assessed were age at presentation, presenting symptoms, time to diagnosis, investigations, and time to surgical repair of H-type fistula. The investigations leading to a definitive diagnosis are assessed and discussed.

Between 1998 and 2004, five cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula presented to our unit. All cases had an upper gastrointestinal contrast study/tube esophagogram. In addition, four cases had a chest radiograph, three cases had a bronchoscopy, and one case an esophagoscopy. The median delay from the time of first presentation to diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula was 14 days (7-58 days). Median age at surgery was 15 days (8-60 days).

Although symptoms are usually present from birth, the diagnosis of H-type fistula is difficult and often delayed. The various diagnostic techniques are not entirely reliable and fistula identification can be elusive. The authors present recommendations for the diagnostic work-up, which may increase the diagnostic potential and avoid unnecessary delays in the diagnosis and management of H fistula.