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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing01:32

Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...

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Using the E1A Minigene Tool to Study mRNA Splicing Changes
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An early evolutionary origin for the minor spliceosome.

Anthony G Russell1, J Michael Charette, David F Spencer

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada.

Nature
|October 20, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The minor spliceosome, crucial for removing U12-type introns in eukaryotes, has been found in diverse microbes and fungi. This suggests the minor spliceosome originated early in eukaryotic evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The minor spliceosome removes U12-type introns from eukaryotic mRNAs.
  • It contains unique RNA components analogous to major spliceosome snRNAs.
  • Previously found in animals and plants, its evolutionary history was unclear due to limited detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins of the minor spliceosome.
  • To identify minor spliceosome components and U12-type introns in underrepresented eukaryotic lineages.
  • To clarify the early evolutionary history of this essential complex.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of genomic data.
  • Identification of homologues for minor-spliceosome-specific proteins and snRNAs.
  • Detection of U12-type introns in diverse eukaryotic microbes and fungi.

Main Results:

  • Homologues of minor spliceosome proteins and snRNAs were identified in protists and the fungus Rhizopus oryzae.
  • U12-type introns were also found in these distantly related organisms.
  • Evidence suggests the minor spliceosome is present across major eukaryotic supergroups.

Conclusions:

  • The minor spliceosome likely originated early in eukaryotic evolution.
  • Its components are more widespread than previously thought.
  • Functionally important sequence elements in U12-type introns and snRNAs are evolutionarily conserved.