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Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development

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LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine.

Julie Kenner¹, Fiona Cameron, Cyril Empig

¹VaxGen Inc, USA. jkenner@vaxgen.com

|October 21, 2006

Summary

LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine, shows promise with improved safety and efficacy. It offers reduced neurotoxicity and equivalent protection to current vaccines, addressing bioterrorism concerns.

Area of Science:

Virology
Vaccinology
Immunology

Background:

Concerns exist regarding adverse reactions to current US smallpox vaccines.
Bioterrorism threats necessitate development of safer, effective vaccines.
LC16m8, a vaccinia virus vaccine, is licensed in Japan.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the scientific literature on LC16m8.
To compare LC16m8's safety and efficacy with other smallpox vaccines.

Main Methods:

Review of historical data and scientific literature on LC16m8.
Nonclinical studies assessing neurotoxicity.
Animal model studies evaluating protective efficacy.

Main Results:

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LC16m8 demonstrated markedly reduced neurotoxicity compared to unattenuated vaccines.

Single-dose LC16m8 is immunogenic.

Protective efficacy in animal models was equivalent to the FDA-licensed vaccine.

Conclusions:

LC16m8 presents a potentially safer alternative smallpox vaccine.
Its safety profile and efficacy warrant further consideration for US stockpiles.