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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows “skip lesions” in which...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...

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Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
08:37

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Type 1 and 2 T helper cell-mediated colitis.

Taeko Dohi1, Kohtaro Fujihashi

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|October 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Exaggerated T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells disrupt mucosal T cell homeostasis, causing intestinal inflammation. Understanding their interactions is key to treating inflammatory bowel diseases.

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Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice
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Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine
09:25

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Published on: May 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Mucosal T cell homeostasis is crucial for intestinal health.
  • Dysregulation of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells contributes to intestinal inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of Th1 and Th2 cells in mucosal inflammation.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding T cell crosstalk in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T cell responses in intestinal inflammation.
  • Analysis of the involvement of Th1, Th2, T helper 17 (Th17), and regulatory T (Treg) cells.

Main Results:

  • Th1 and Th2 cells are essential for mucosal immune responses like IgA production.
  • Both Th1 and Th2 responses can abrogate intestinal homeostasis and contribute to inflammation.
  • Th1 responses are implicated in mouse colitis models and human IBD.
  • Th2 responses also play a role in intestinal inflammation pathophysiology.
  • Th17 and Treg cells modulate Th1 and Th2 cell activities.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex interactions between Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells is vital.
  • This knowledge is central to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for IBD.