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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment
04:35

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment

Published on: December 27, 2024

Primary hyperaldosteronism in a dog with concurrent lymphoma.

K D Johnson1, C J Henry, D L McCaw

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. johnkim@missouri.edu

Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine
|October 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

A dog with lymphoma developed persistent low potassium (hypokalemia) due to primary hyperaldosteronism, a rare canine endocrine disorder. Immunohistochemistry confirmed an aldosterone-secreting tumor, aiding diagnosis.

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment
04:35

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment

Published on: December 27, 2024

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Canine Oncology

Background:

  • Lymphoma is a common cancer in dogs, often requiring complex treatment protocols.
  • Endocrine disorders can present with non-specific clinical signs, complicating diagnosis.
  • Persistent hypokalemia is a significant electrolyte imbalance that warrants thorough investigation.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old English Springer Spaniel presented with muscle weakness, lethargy, and anorexia during lymphoma treatment.
  • The dog exhibited persistent hypokalemia, refractory to initial management.
  • Diagnostic workup included serum aldosterone level measurement and surgical exploration.

Findings:

  • Primary hyperaldosteronism was diagnosed, characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion.
  • Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor.
  • This case highlights a rare endocrinopathy in a canine patient with concurrent lymphoma.

Implications:

  • Primary hyperaldosteronism is a rare but significant differential diagnosis in dogs with hypokalemia.
  • Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool for diagnosing adrenal tumors.
  • Understanding rare endocrinopathies is crucial for comprehensive veterinary care, especially in complex cases like cancer treatment.