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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis
12:03

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

Published on: December 9, 2016

Exploiting hypoxia in solid tumors to achieve oncolysis.

Anthony G Payne1

  • 1Steenblock Research Institute, 1064 Calle Negocio #B, San Clemente, CA 92673, United States. DrAGPayne@yahoo.com <DrAGPayne@yahoo.com>

Medical Hypotheses
|October 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study proposes a novel "anaerobic pathway cocktail" to target chemo- and radio-resistant cancer cells. The method aims to induce cell death (oncolysis) by exploiting the tumor

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Metabolic Pathways

Background:

  • Chemo- and radio-resistant cancer cells in solid tumors hinder effective cancer treatment.
  • These resistant cells often exist in hypoxic environments and rely on anaerobic metabolism, producing lactate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel therapeutic strategy targeting anaerobic metabolic pathways in resistant cancer cells.
  • To exploit the hypoxic tumor microenvironment for cancer cell destruction (oncolysis).

Main Methods:

  • Inducing tumor cell infiltration with Bifidobacterium species for enhanced lactate synthesis.
  • Blocking lactate degradation and export using urea and quercetin.
  • Depleting cellular ATP levels with exogenous thyroid.
  • Compromising oxidative catabolism of nutrients using l-hydroxycitrate, melatonin, and NDGA.

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Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
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Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

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In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model
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In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Published on: October 3, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis
12:03

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

Published on: December 9, 2016

Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
07:07

Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

Published on: February 14, 2025

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model
11:02

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Published on: October 3, 2011

Main Results:

  • The proposed
  • anaerobic pathway cocktail
  • is hypothesized to significantly reduce intracellular pH.
  • This approach is expected to compromise cellular energetics, leading to oncolysis.

Conclusions:

  • The novel combination therapy offers a potential strategy to overcome chemo- and radio-resistance in solid tumors.
  • Exploiting tumor cell metabolism presents a promising avenue for developing new cancer treatments.