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Riboswitches

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Eyestalk Ablation to Increase Ovarian Maturation in Mud Crabs
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Published on: March 31, 2023

A Toll receptor in shrimp.

Li-Shi Yang1, Zhi-Xin Yin, Ji-Xiang Liao

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.

Molecular Immunology
|October 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Researchers cloned the Litopenaeus vannamei Toll (lToll) receptor, crucial for shrimp immunity. This discovery aids in understanding shrimp disease resistance and improving aquaculture health.

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • * Aquaculture and Aquatic Animal Health
  • * Invertebrate Immunology
  • * Molecular Biology

Background:

  • * Infectious disease outbreaks cause significant mortality and economic losses in penaeid shrimp farming.
  • * Understanding shrimp innate immunity is vital for effective disease control strategies.
  • * The Toll pathway plays a critical role in the immune responses of many organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To clone and characterize a Toll receptor from the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.
  • * To investigate the structural features and expression patterns of the identified Toll receptor.
  • * To contribute to elucidating the Toll signaling pathway in shrimp innate immunity.

Main Methods:

  • * cDNA cloning was employed to isolate the Toll receptor gene from Litopenaeus vannamei.
  • * Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict protein structure and identify functional domains.
  • * Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine tissue-specific expression.

Main Results:

  • * The Litopenaeus vannamei Toll (lToll) gene was successfully cloned, encoding a 926-residue protein.
  • * lToll possesses characteristic Toll-like receptor (TLR) domains: an extracellular region with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain.
  • * RT-PCR analysis revealed widespread lToll expression in various shrimp tissues, including hemocytes and gills, with lower levels in the hepatopancreas.

Conclusions:

  • * The identification and characterization of lToll provide a foundation for understanding its role in shrimp immunity.
  • * The structural similarity of lToll to Toll receptors in other species suggests conserved functions in innate immunity.
  • * Further research into the Toll pathway in Litopenaeus vannamei can inform disease management in shrimp aquaculture.