Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hydrophobic Microenvironment on Cu-Co Oxides for Dual Promotion of Mass Transfer and Electronic Regulation in Alkyl Aromatic Oxidation.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Correlation between the frailty index derived from laboratory tests and 4-week all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with pneumonia.

Experimental gerontology·2026
Same author

Bidirectional dynamic threshold SNN for enhanced object detection with rich spike information.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2025
Same author

Relationship Between the Lactate-to-Albumin Ratio and 28-Day Overall Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Analysis of the MIMIC-IV Database.

Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis·2025
Same author

Association Between Mechanical Power and 28-Day All-Cause Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Undergoing Invasive Ventilation: Analysis of the MIMIC-IV Database.

International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease·2025
Same author

A reinforcement learning based memetic algorithm for energy-efficient distributed two-stage flexible job shop scheduling problem.

Scientific reports·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

Sodium ion internalized within phospholipid membranes.

Fredric M Menger1, Ashley L Galloway, Mary E Chlebowski

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Modified phospholipids with ester groups significantly enhance sodium ion transfer across membranes. Short chain segments beyond ester groups are key, with transfer rates increasing over time due to domain formation.

More Related Videos

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Membrane Biophysics
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Phospholipids form the structural basis of biological membranes.
  • Controlling ion transport across lipid bilayers is crucial for cellular function and drug delivery.
  • Conventional phospholipids like POPC exhibit limited ion permeability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel ester-modified phospholipids.
  • To investigate their efficacy in promoting sodium ion (Na+) flux across vesicular membranes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of enhanced ion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of seven ester-modified phospholipids.
  • Vesicle preparation and characterization.
  • 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantify sodium ion flux.

Main Results:

  • Phospholipids with short chain segments beyond terminal ester groups catalyzed Na+ transfer up to 100-fold compared to POPC.
  • Sodium ion transfer rates increased with ester-phospholipid concentration in the bilayer.
  • Rates also increased with vesicle aging time, attributed to domain formation.

Conclusions:

  • Ester-modified phospholipids, particularly those with short terminal chains, are potent catalysts for sodium ion transport.
  • Formation of membrane domains by these phospholipids facilitates sodium ion solubilization within the hydrophobic interior.
  • NMR studies reveal distinct sodium ion populations: extracellular, intracellular, and within membrane domains.